Development and validation of a questionnaire to evaluate satisfaction of the patient with diabetes at the primary care level.

Aims: To develop and validate a new instrument to measure satisfaction with integral care (doctor-nurse) of the patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, considering expectations-experiences together for the primary level of care. Methods: The instrument was constructed with questions regarding integral care to measure the satisfaction of the diabetes patient and was classified into four domains. The validity of the content was done through a panel of experts, apparent validity through a focus group, the validity of the construct through analysis of the main components and confirmatory factorial analysis, instrument reliability with internal consistency, determined by Cronbach alpha and temporal stability (test-retest). Results: The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.942. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.849. Validity of the construct showed acceptable goodness-of-fit and factorial structure with four factors: communication, empathy, technical care, care continuity, and 24 items for each domain, giving a Kayser-Meyer-Olkin index above 0.80 and a total variance above 73. Conclusions: The instrument is reliable and is also valid in terms of up into construct and content to evaluate satisfaction. Practice Implications: In addition, these results allow to have elements for the design of strategies aimed at improving the relationship of health personnel with the patient.

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its impact on cognition in older mexican adults: (SADEM study).

INTRODUCTION: Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is a possible risk factor for cognitive impairment in old age, but results are inconsistent. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among older community-dwelling adults and to see whether thyroid function impacts the cognitive status of the elderly. METHODS: We included 1750 participants from the Study on Aging and Dementia in Mexico (SADEM). All subjects were evaluated clinically via specific interviews. TSH levels were analyzed by chemiluminescent immunometry assay. We classified participants into five thyroid state groups: (1) normal TSH levels (0.40-4.0 IU/L) were considered euthyroid; (2) Overt hyperthyroidism: TSH <0.3 IU/l and FT4 >23 pmol/l; (3) Overt hypothyroidism: TSH >4.8 IU/l, FT4 <13 pmol/l; (4) Subclinical hyperthyroidism: TSH <0.3 IU/l, FT4: 13-23 pmol/l; (5) Subclinical hypothyroidism: TSH >4.8 IU/l, FT4: 13-23 pmol/l. RESULTS: The overall estimated prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Mexican population was 23.7% (95% CI, 22.66-26.77). Of these, 15.4% older adults were classified as subclinical hypothyroidism, 7.2% overt hypothyroidism, 0.5% subclinical hyperthyroidism, and 0.6% overt hyperthyroidism. The association of thyroid dysfunction with cognitive impairment was most evident in overt hypothyroidism OR = 1.261 (1.185-1.343). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Mexican elderly people living in the community. A relationship between cognitive impairment and the presence of hypothyroidism was also shown, and to a lesser degree in hyperthyroidism.